Report/Guide

Stewart, M; Cain, M G (2006) Measurement and modelling of self-heating in piezoelectric materials and devices. Measurement Good Practice Guide. 84

Lodeiro, M J; Stewart, M; Cain, M G (2005) Displacement and blocking force measurements of piezoelectric macroactuators. NPL Report. DEPC-MPR 040

Roebuck, B; Stewart, M; Brooks, M (2005) Mapping indentation hardness. NPL Report. DEPC-MN 030

Lodeiro, M J; Stewart, M; Cain, M G (2004) A round-robin to measure the direct piezoelectric coefficient using the Berlincourt method. NPL Report. DEPC-MPR 008

Cain, M G; Lodeiro, M J; Stewart, M; Theobalds, M (2002) 6MPI0301: Losses in piezoelectric materials. NPL Report. MATC(A)126

Stewart, M; Cain, M G (2002) The variability of piezoelectric measurements: material and measurement method contributions. NPL Report. MATC(A)100

Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2002) Measurement of the surface displacement in 1-3 piezo-composites. NPL Report. MATC(A)94

Lodeiro, M J; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2002) High frequency displacement and dielectric measurements in piezoelectric materials. NPL Report. MATC(MN)21

Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2001) CPM8.1 Task 4: the measurement of blocking force. NPL Report. MATC(A)48

Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2001) CPM8.1 Task 6: evaluation of new functional materials. NPL Report. MATC(A)58

Stewart, M; Cain, M G (2001) NMW0403: optical sensor characterisation and calibration device for integrated optical systems. NPL Report. MATC(A)57

Stewart, M; Battrick, W; Cain, M G (2001) Measuring piezoelectric d33 coefficents using the direct method. Measurement Good Practice Guide. 44

Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2001) Piezoelectric resonance. Measurement Good Practice Guide. 33

Stewart, M; Cain, M G; Hall, D A* (1999) Ferroelectric hysteresis measurement and analysis. NPL Report. CMMT(A)152

Lowrie, F*; Stewart, M; Cain, M G (1999) Finite element analysis of piezoelectric ceramics. Measurement Good Practice Guide. 24

Stewart, M; Cain, M G (1999) Measurement of high field dielectric properties of piezoelectric materials. Measurement Good Practice Guide. 25

Stewart, M; Cain, M G; Gee, M G (1999) Method of measuring piezoelectric displacement in piezoelectric ceramics. Measurement Good Practice Guide. 23

Lowrie, F*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M; Gee, M G (1999) Time dependent behaviour of piezo-electric materials. NPL Report. CMMT(A)151

Cain, M G; Stewart, M; Gee, M G (1999) Degradation of piezoelectric materials. NPL Report. CMMT(A)148

Lowrie, F*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (1999) Finite element modelling of electroceramics. NPL Report. CMMT(A)150

Cain, M G; Stewart, M; Gee, M G (1999) Real time evaluation of piezoelectric materials. NPL Report. CMMT(A)149

Cain, M G; Stewart, M; Gee, M G (1998) Experimental measurement methods for the evaluation of degradation in piezoelectric ceramics. NPL Report. CMMT(A)116

Gee, M G; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (1997) Materials and test conditions for project Cam 7. NPL Report. CMMT(A)78

Gee, M G; Stewart, M (1996) Actuate SMT project. Contract SMT4-CT95-2029. First report. NPL Report. CMMT(A)43

Roebuck, B; Orkney, L P; Stewart, M; Varma, R K; Lord, J D (1996) Hot axisymmetric uniaxial compression tests, preliminary studies through a UK interlaboratory comparison. NPL Report. CMMT(A)28

Stewart, M (1996) Measurement methods for investigating degradation in piezoelectric ceramics. NPL Report. CMMT(A)33

Stewart, M (1996) Reference materials for measurements on piezoelectric ceramics. NPL Report. CMMT(A)32

Stewart, M (1996) Round-robin exercise on the measurement of electromechanical properties of piezoelectric ceramics. NPL Report. CMMT(A)34

Roebuck, B; Stewart, M; Varma, R K; Orkney, L P (1995) Partially recrystallised Nimonic microstructures - a UK interlaboratory comparison. NPL Report. CMMT(A)5

Stewart, M (1994) Survey of sub-micrometre powder size measurement for ceramic and cermet powders. NPL Report. DMM(A)152

Article

Legge, E J; Stewart, M; Contreras Chevez, L P; Zhang, H; Tsikritsis, D; Belsey, N A; McAllister, M; Murphy, J R; Mingard, K; Minelli, C (2024) Advanced chemical and imaging methods for studying structure morphology and excipients solid state transformations in pharmaceutical multiparticulate formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 113. pp. 2464-2474.

Zhang, Hannah; Stewart, M; de Luca, F; Smet, P F; Sousanis, A; Poelman, D; Rungger, I; Gee, M (2021) Young's modulus of thin SmS films measured by nanoindentation and laser acoustic wave. Surface and Coatings Technology, 421. 127428

Pei, Y; Cant, D J H; Havelund, R; Stewart, M; Mingard, K; Seah, M P; Minelli, C; Shard, A G (2020) Argon Cluster Sputtering Reveals Internal Chemical Distribution in Submicron Polymeric Particles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 124 (43). pp. 23752-23763. ISSN 1932-7447

Li, Z; Koval, V; Mahajan, A; Gao, Z; Vecchini, C; Stewart, M; Cain, M G; Tao, K; Jia, C; Viola, G; Yan, H (2020) Room-temperature multiferroic behavior in layer-structured Aurivillius phase ceramics. Applied Physics Letters, 117 (5). 052903 ISSN 0003-6951

Mingard, K; Roebuck, B; Jones, H; Stewart, M; Cox, D; Gee, M G (2018) Visualisation and measurement of hardmetal microstructures in 3D. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials, 71. pp. 285-291.

Chapman, J B J; Gindele, O T; Vecchini, C; Thompson, P; Stewart, M; Cain, M G; Duffy, D M; Kimmel, A V (2018) Low temperature ferroelectric behavior in morphotropic Pb (Zr1-xTix)0-3. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 101 (2). pp. 874-882.

Mingard, K; Stewart, M; Gee, M G; Vespucci, S; Trager-Cowan, C (2018) Practical application of direct electron detectors to EBSD mapping in 2D and 3D. Ultramicroscopy, 184. pp. 242-251.

Chen, B*; Kollosche, M*; Stewart, M; Busfield, J*; Carpi, F* (2016) Electrical breakdown of dielectric elastomers: influence of compresion, electrode's curvature and environmental humidity. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 9798. 97980Q

Chen, B*; Kollosche, M*; Stewart, M; Busfield, J*; Carpi, F* (2015) Electrical breakdown of an acrylic dielectric elastomer: effects of hemispherical probing electrode's size and force. Int. J. Smart Nano Mater., 6 (4). pp. 290-303.

Stewart, M; Lepadatu, S; McCartney, L N; Cain, M G; Wright, L; Crain, J; Newns, D M*; Martyna, G J* (2015) Electrode size and boundary condition independent measurement of the effective piezoelectric coefficient of thin films. APL Mater., 3 (2). 026103

Wollschlaeger, N*; Osterle, W*; Hausler, I*; Stewart, M (2015) Ga+ implementation in a PZT film during focused ion beam micro-machining. Phys. Status Solidi C, 12 (3). pp. 314-317.

Weaver, P M; Stevenson, T*; Quast, T*; Bartl, G*; Schmitz-Kempen, T*; Woolliams, P; Blumfield, A; Stewart, M; Cain, M G (2015) High temperature measurement and characterisation of piezoelectric properties. J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Electron., 26 (12). pp. 9268-9278.

Vecchini, C; Thompson, P*; Stewart, M; Muniz-Piniella, A; McMitchell, S R C*; Wooldridge, J; Lepadatu, S; Bouchenoire, L*; Brown, S*; Wermeille, D*; Bikondoa, O*; Lucas, C A*; Hase, T P A*; Lesourd, M*; Dontsov, D*; Cain, M G (2015) Simultaneous dynamic electrical and structural measurements of functional materials. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 86 (10). 103901

Jalali, N*; Briscoe, J*; Tan, Y Z*; Woolliams, P D; Stewart, M; Weaver, P M; Cain, M G; Dunn, S* (2015) ZnO nanorod surface modification with PDDA/PSS bi-layer assembly for performance improvement of ZnO piezoelectric energy harvesting devices. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 73 (3). pp. 544-549.

Vopson, M M; Lees, K; Hall, M J; Cain, M G; Stewart, M; Tran, Y* (2014) High frequency magnetization dynamics metrology using a pulsed field inductive microwave magnetometer. Meas. Sci. Technol., 25 (1). 015601

Jalali, N*; Woolliams, P D; Stewart, M; Weaver, P M; Cain, M G; Dunn, S*; Briscoe, J* (2014) Improved performance of p-n junction-based ZnO Nanogenerators through CuSCN-passivation of ZnO nanorods. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2 (28). pp. 10945-10951.

Lepadatu, S*; Stewart, M; Cain, M G (2014) Quantification of electromechanical coupling measured with piezoresponse force microscopy. J. Appl. Phys., 116 (6). 066806

Lepadatu, S; Stewart, M; Cain, M G (2014) Quantification of electromechanical coupling measured with piezoresponse force microscopy. J. Appl. Phys., 116 (6). 066806

Wooldridge, J; Stewart, M; Vecchini, C; Cain, M G; Gutmann, M*; Reece, M* (2014) Temperature and frequency dependence of electric field induced phase transitions in PMN-0.32PT. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 97 (7). pp. 2111-2115.

Wooldridge, J; Blackburn, J; Muniz-Piniella, A; Stewart, M; Shean, T A V; Weaver, P M; Cain, M G (2013) Finite element analysis of the vertical levitation force in an electrostatic MEMS comb drive actuator. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 472. 012002

Briscoe, J*; Jalali, N*; Woolliams, P D; Stewart, M; Weaver, P M; Cainb, M*; Dunn, S* (2013) Measurement techniques for piezoelectric nanogenerators. Energy Environ. Sci., 6 (10). pp. 3035-3045.

Ryding, S*; Cernik, R*; Wooldridge, J; Burnett, T L; Stewart, M; Vecchini, C; Cain, M G; Lennie, A*; Yuan, F J*; Tang, C*; Thompson, P* (2013) Simultaneous measurement ox X-ray powder diffraction and ferroelectric polarisation data as a function of applied electric field at a range of frequencies. Powder Diffr., 28. S220-S227

Wooldridge, J; Muniz-Piniella, A; Stewart, M; Shean, T A V; Weaver, P M; Cain, M G (2013) Vertical comb drive actuator for the measurement of piezoelectric coefficients in small-scale systems. J. Micromechan. Microeng., 23 (3). 035028

Briscoe, J*; Jalali, N*; Woolliams, P D; Stewart, M; Cain, M G; Weaver, P M; Dunn, S* (2013) Zno nanogenerators - energy generation through scavenging vibration, advantages of using a diode. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 8763. 876308

Stewart, M; Weaver, P; Cain, M G (2012) Charge redistribution in piezoelectric energy harvesters. Appl. Phys. Lett., 100 (7). 073901

Briscoe, J*; Stewart, M; Vopson, M; Cain, M G; Weaver, P M; Dunn, S* (2012) Nanostructured p-n junctions for kinetic-to-electrical energy conversion. Adv. Energy Mater., 2 (10). pp. 1261-1268.

Wooldridge, J; Ryding, S*; Brown, S*; Burnett, T L; Cain, M G; Cernik, R*; Hino, R*; Stewart, M; Thompson, P (2012) Simultaneous measurement of X-ray diffraction and ferroelectric polarization data as a function of applied electric field and frequency. J. Synchrotron Radiat., 19 (5). pp. 710-716.

Weaver, P M; Cain, M G; Stewart, M; Anson, A*; Franks, J*; Lipscomb, I P*; McBride, J W*; Zheng, D*; Swingler, J* (2012) The effects of porosity, electrode and barrier materials on the conductivity of piezoelectric ceramics in high humidity and dc electric field. Smart Mater. Struct., 21 (4). 045012

Weaver, P M; Cain, M G; Correia, T M; Stewart, M (2011) Electromechanical coupling and temperature dependent polarisation reversal in piezoelectric ceramics. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Feroelectr. Freq. Control, 58 (9). pp. 1730-1736.

Wooldridge, J; Blackburn, J F; McCertney, L N; Stewart, M; Weaver, P M; Cain, M G (2011) Small-scale piezoelectric devices: Pyroelectric contributions to the piezoelectric response (vol 107, 104118,2010). J. Appl. Phys., 109 (7). 079901

Vopsaroiu, M; Cain, M G; Woolliams, P D; Weaver, P M; Stewart, M; Wright, C D*; Tran, Y* (2011) Voltage control of the magnetic coercive field: multiferroic coupling or artefact? J. Appl. Phys., 109 (6). 066101

Burnett, T L; Weaver, P M; Blackburn, J F; Stewart, M; Cain, M G (2010) Correlation of electron backscatter diffraction and piezoresponse force microscopy for the nanoscale characterization of ferroelectric domains in polycrystalline lead zirconate titanate. J. Appl. Phys., 108 (4). 042001

Alguero, M*; Stewart, M; Cain, M G; Ramos, P*; Ricote, J*; Calzada, M L* (2010) Properties of morphotropic phase boundary Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 films with submicron range thickness on Si based substrates. J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., 43 (20). 205401

Wooldridge, J; Blackburn, J; de Podesta, M; Stewart, M; Weaver, P; Cain, M G (2010) Pyroelectric contributions to piezoelectric hydrostatic Berlincourt method. Adv. Appl. Ceram., 109 (3). pp. 143-146.

Wooldridge, J; Blackburn, J F; McCartney, L N; Stewart, M; Weaver, P M; Cain, M G (2010) Small-scale piezoelectric devices: Pyroelectric contributions to the piezoelectric response. J. Appl. Phys., 107 (10). 104118

Weaver, P M; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2010) Temperature dependence of high field electromechanical coupling in ferroelectric ceramics. J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., 43 (16). 165404

Weaver, P M; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2010) Temperature dependence of strain polarization coupling in ferroelectric ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett., 96 (14). 142905

Calzada, M L*; Algueró, M*; Santos, A*; Stewart, M; Cain, M G; Pardo, L* (2009) Piezoelectric, ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO thin films with compositions around the morphotropic phase boundary prepared by a sol-gel process of reduced thermal budget. J. Mater. Res., 24 (2). pp. 526-533.

Vopsaroiu, M; Stewart, M; Hegarty, T; Muniz-Piniella, A; McCartney, L N; Cain, M G; Srinivasan, G* (2008) Experimental determination of the magneto-electric coupling coefficient via piezo-electric measurements. Meas. Sci. Technol., 19. 045106

Ursic, H*; Lowe, M*; Stewart, M; Hrovat, M*; Belavic, D*; Holc, J*; Zarnik, M S*; Kosec, M*; Cain, M G (2008) PZT thick films on different cramic substrates; piezoelectric measurements. J. Electroceram., 20 (1). pp. 11-16.

Stewart, M (2008) Spatial characterisation of piezoelectric materials using scanning laser intensity modulation method (LIMM). J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91 (7). pp. 2176-2181.

Dent, A C E*; Bowen, C R*; Stevens, R*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2008) Tensile strength of active fibre composites - prediction and measurement. Ferroelectronics, 368 (1). pp. 209-215.

Vopsaroiu, M; Stewart, M; Fry, T; Cain, M G; Srinivasan, G* (2008) Tuning the magneto-electric effect of multiferroic composites via crystallographic texture. IEEE Trans. Magn., 44 (11). pp. 3017-3020.

Bowen, C R*; Dent, A C*; Nelson, L J*; Stevens, R*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2006) Failure and volume fraction dependent mechanical properties of composites sensors and actuators. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C, J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 220 (11). pp. 1655-1664.

Bowen, C R*; Stevens, R*; Nelson, L J*; Dent, A C*; Dolman, G*; Su, B*; Button, T W*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2006) Manufacture and characterization of high activity piezoelectric fibres. Smart Mater. Struct., 15 (2). pp. 295-301.

Bowen, C R*; Nelson, L J*; Stevens, R*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2006) Optimisation of interdigitated electrodes for piezoelectric actuators and active fibre composites. J. Electroceram., 16 (4). pp. 263-269.

Dent, A C*; Nelson, L J*; Bowen, C R*; Stevens, R*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2005) Characterisation and properties of fine scale PZT fibres. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 25 (12). pp. 2387-2391.

Nelson, L J*; Bowen, C R*; Stevens, R*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2004) Evaluation of high field response of fine scale piezoelectric fibres. Integrated Ferroelectrics, 63. pp. 41-47.

Nelson, L J*; Bowen, C R*; Stevens, R*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2003) High field behaviour of piezoelectric fibre composites. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5053. pp. 544-555.

Nelson, L J*; Bowen, C R*; Stevens, R*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2003) Modelling and measurement of piezoelectric fibres and interdigitated electrodes for the optimisation of piezofibre composites. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5053. pp. 556-567.

Roebuck, B; Stewart, M; Morrell, R; Gee, M G (2001) Mapping hardness. Mater. World (Novemb). pp. 16-17.

Roebuck, B; Stewart, M; Morrell, R; Gee, M G; Plint, G* (2001) Mapping hardness using automated depth sensing process. Surf. Eng., 17 (6). pp. 447-449.

Cain, M G; Stewart, M (1999) Measurement and assessment of degradation in monolithic and multilayer piezoelectric ceramics. Institute of Materials, 718 (1). pp. 85-86.

Conference or Workshop Item

Hao, L; Gallop, J C; Stewart, M; Lees, K; Chen, J* (2013) Multi-functional MEMS/NEMS for nanometrology applications. In: 13th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), 5-8 August 2013, Beijing, China.

Stewart, M; Cain, M G; Weaver, P* (2008) Use of Piezoceramics as DC actuators in Harsh environments. In: Actuator 2008, 9-11 June 2008, Bremen, Germany.

Bowen, C R*; Dent, A C*; Stevens, R*; Cain, M G; Stewart, M (2005) Determination of critical and minimum volume fraction for composite sensors and actuators. In: 4M 2005 - First International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture, 2005, Cardiff, UK.

Gee, M G; Stewart, M; McCormick, N J (1994) Comparison of different methods for the displacement-field characterisation of piezoelectric materials. In: Electroceramics IV, 4th International conference on electronic ceramics and applications, 1994.