Brennan, J C; Barbosa, J; Li, C; Ahmad, M; Imroze, F; Rose, C; Karar, W; Stanley, M; Heidari, H; Ridler, N M; Weides, M (2025) Classical interfaces for controlling cryogenic quantum computing technologies. APL Quantum, 2 (4). 041501 ISSN 2835-0103

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Abstract

Quantum processors have the potential to revolutionize computing on a scale unseen since the development of semiconductor technology in the middle of the twentieth century. However, while there is now huge activity and investment in the field, there are a number of challenges that must be overcome before the technology can be fully realized. Of primary concern is the development of the classical technology required to interface with quantum systems, as we push toward a new era of high-performance, large-scale quantum computing. In this review, we briefly discuss some of the main challenges facing the development of universally useful quantum computers and the different architectures being investigated. We are primarily concerned with cryogenic quantum systems. These systems are among the most mature quantum computing architectures to date and are garnering a lot of both industrial and academic attention. We present and analyze the leading methods of interfacing with quantum processors, both now and for the next generation of larger, multi-qubit systems. Recent advancements in control cryoelectronics, both semiconducting and superconducting, are covered, while a view toward newer methods such as optical and wireless qubit interfaces is also presented.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects:	Electromagnetics > RF and Microwave
Divisions:	Electromagnetic & Electrochemical Technologies
Identification number/DOI:	10.1063/5.0273490
Last Modified:	11 Jun 2026 14:00
URI:	https://eprintspublications.npl.co.uk/id/eprint/10440