Sharp, M; Darst, J J; Hughes, P; Billman, J; Pham, M; Petrushenko, D; Heenan, T M M; Jervis, R; Owen, R; Petal, D; Du, W; Michael, H; Rack, A; Magdysyuk, O V; Connolley, T; Brett, D J L; Hinds, G; Keyser, M; Darcy, E; Shearing, P R; Walker, W; Finegan, D P (2022) Thermal runaway of Li-ion cells: how internal dynamics, mass ejection and heat vary with cell geometry and abuse type. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 169 (2). 020526

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Abstract

Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries can involve various types of failure mechanisms each with their own unique characteristics. Using fractional thermal runaway calorimetry and high-speed radiography, the response of three different geometries of cells (18650, 21700, and D-cell) to different abuse mechanisms (thermal, internal short circuiting, and nail penetration) are quantified and statistically examined. Correlations between the geometry of cells and their heat output are identified, such as increasing heat per amp-hour (kJ Ah-1) of cells during nail penetration within increasing cell diameter. High-speed radiography reveals that the rate of thermal runaway propagation within cells is generally highest for nail penetration where there is a relative increase in rate of propagation for increasing diameter, compared to thermal or internal short-circuiting abuse. For the same cell model tested under the same conditions, a distribution of heat output is observed with a trend of increasing heat for increased mass ejection. Finally, internal temperature measurements using thermocouples embedded in the penetrating nail are shown to mostly be erroneous thus demonstrating the need for care when using thermocouples to measure environments where the temperature is rapidly changing. All data used in this manuscript are open access through the NREL and NASA Battery Failure Databank.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects:	Advanced Materials > Electrochemistry
Divisions:	Electromagnetic & Electrochemical Technologies
Identification number/DOI:	10.1149/1945-7111/ac4fef
Last Modified:	22 May 2023 13:56
URI:	https://eprintspublications.npl.co.uk/id/eprint/9736