Marchesini, S; Reed, B P; Jones, H; Matjacic, L; Rosser, T E; Zhou, Y; Brennan, B; Tiddia, M; Jervis, R; Loveridge, M J; Raccichini, R; Park, J; Wain, A J; Hinds, G; Gilmore, I S; Shard, A G; Pollard, A P (2022) Surface Analysis of Pristine and Cycled NMC/Graphite Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes: Addressing the Measurement Challenges. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14 (47). pp. 52779-52793.

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Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are the most ubiquitous energy storage devices in our everyday lives. Yet, their energy storage capacity fades over time due to chemical and structural changes in their components, via different degradation mechanisms. Understanding and mitigating these degradation mechanisms is key to reducing capacity fade, thereby enabling the improvement of Li-ion batteries, supporting the energy transition to renewables and electrification. In this endeavour, surface analysis techniques are commonly employed to characterise the chemistry and structure at reactive interfaces, where most changes are observed as batteries age.

However, battery electrodes are complex systems containing unstable compounds, with large heterogeneities in material properties. Moreover, different degradation mechanisms can affect multiple material properties and occur simultaneously, meaning that a range of complementary techniques must be utilised to obtain a complete picture of electrode degradation. The combination of these issues and the lack of measurement protocols and guidelines for data interpretation can lead to a lack of trust in data .

Herein, we discuss measurement challenges that affect several key surface analysis techniques being used for Li-ion battery degradation studies: focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. We provide recommendations for each technique to improve reproducibility and reduce uncertainty in the analysis of Li-ion battery electrodes. We also highlight some measurement issues which must be addressed in future investigations.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects:	Advanced Materials > Electrochemistry
Divisions:	Chemical & Biological Sciences
Identification number/DOI:	10.1021/acsami.2c13636
Last Modified:	10 May 2023 14:52
URI:	https://eprintspublications.npl.co.uk/id/eprint/9709