Hinds, G (2025) Methods and Instruments | Reference Electrodes. In: Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources. Elsevier, pp. 1-18.

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Abstract

This chapter presents an overview of the use of reference electrodes to characterize the performance of electrochemical energy conversion and storage materials, components and devices. A general introduction is given on measurement of electrode potential in electrochemical cells, common laboratory reference electrodes and their principles of operation, and best practice in their calibration, maintenance and use. Examples are then provided of the application of reference electrodes in fuel cell, electrolyzer and battery research, highlighting the insights into material performance and device operation that can be obtained from such measurements.

Item Type:	Book Chapter/Section
Subjects:	Advanced Materials > Electrochemistry
Divisions:	Electromagnetic & Electrochemical Technologies
Publisher:	Elsevier
Identification number/DOI:	10.1016/B978-0-323-96022-9.00190-0
Last Modified:	23 Mar 2026 14:38
URI:	https://eprintspublications.npl.co.uk/id/eprint/10346