Report/Guide

McEvoy, H; Lowe, D; Machin, G; Whittam, A; Hayes, M (2024) Report on the NPL measurements for the CCT K10 comparison, September 2014 to January 2020. NPL Report. ENG 73

McEvoy, H; Lowe, D; Machin, G; Martin, M J; Anhalt, K; Hollandt, J; Sadli, M; Bourson, F; Yamada, Y; Sasajima, N; Lu, X; Yoo, Y; Yoon, H; Gibson, C; Todd, A; Woods, D (2023) CCT-K10 Draft B report for CCT comparison of ITS 90 realisations above the silver point using two transfer radiation thermometers and a set of high temperature fixed-point blackbody cells. Interim report - March 2024. NPL Report. ENG 74

Auty, F J; Bevan, K; Hanson, A; Machin, G; Scott, J; Brown, C*; Haritos, G*; Martinez-Botas, R F* (2014) Beginner's guide to measurement in mechanical engineering. Measurement Good Practice Guide. 131

Elliott, C J; Pearce, J; Machin, G (2012) High temperature sensors with self-calibrating capabilities: abstract and summary. NPL Report. ENG 37

Elliott, C J; Pearce, J; Machin, G (2012) User's manual for NPL designed and supplied self-validating thermocouples, and the associated breadboard. NPL Report. ENG 38

Machin, G (1998) Report on NIST/NRLM infrared thermometer intercomparison to 3000 C: report to fulfil NMS milestone Q311d8. NPL Report. CBTM 4

Machin, G (1997) The NPL high temperature radiation thermometry calibration facility. NPL Report. CBTM 3

Article

Machin, G (2024) Evolution of Temperature measurement – beginnings, progress and prospects. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2877. 012112

Yamsiri, A; Duffy, D A; Machin, G; Sweeney, S J (2024) Active Photonic Thermometry using Quantum Well Heterostructures and Ring Resonators. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3230 (1). 110004

Castro, P; del Pozo, C; Machin, G (2024) Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics for the Analysis of the Furnace Effect in the Determination of the Temperature of High Temperature Fixed Points. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3230 (1). 070007

Machin, G; Lu, X; Martin, M-J; Pusnik, I; Wang, L (2024) Improving Body Temperature Measurement on a Global Basis. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3230 (1). 13004

Lowe, D; Machin, G (2024) Low uncertainty thermodynamic temperature above the silver point using relative primary radiometry. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3230. 100002

Agnew, N; Machin, G; Riis, E; Arnold, A S (2024) Practical Doppler broadening thermometry. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3230 (1). 110002

Machin, G; Sadli, M; Engert, J; Kirste, A; Pearce, J; Gavioso, R M (2024) Progress with Realizing the Redefined Kelvin. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3230 (1). 020001

Sidli, M; Bourson, F; Lowe, D; Anhalt, K; Taubert, D; Martin, M J; Mantilla, J M; Girard, F; Florio, M; Gozonunde, C; Nasibli, H; Knazovicka, L; Sasajima, N; Lu, X; Kozlova, O; Briaudeau, S; Machin, G (2024) Thermodynamic temperatures of Fe-C, Pd-C, Ru-C and WC-C for the Mise-en-Pratique of the kelvin up to 3020 K. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3230 (1). 020004

Pearce, J V; Elder, F; Fateev, A; Sutton, G; Andreu, A; Machin, G (2023) Enhancing process efficiency through improved temperature measurement: the EMPRESS projects. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2554. 012003

Machin, G (2023) The Kelvin Redefinition and Practical Primary Thermometry: Implications for Temperature Traceability and Sensing. Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 1. pp. 77-84.

Bond, W; Panicker, V; McMillan, J; Simpson, R; Hayes, M; Machin, G; Casarosa, G; Etchells, J (2023) A metrology enabled thermal imager for thermal vacuum testing. Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 20 (4). pp. 182-197.

Castro Alonso, P; Machin, G (2022) Body temperature measurement uncertainty arising from ear canal geometry and temperature gradients. Measurement: Sensors, 24. 100417

Pisani, N; Fokoua, E N; Davidson, I A K; Poletti, F; Slavik, R; Lowe, D; Machin, G; Sutton, G (2022) Toward Gamma Ray Immune Fibre-Optic Phosphor Thermometry for Nuclear Decommissioning. International Journal of Thermophysics, 43 (4). 47

Lowe, D; Sutton, G; Sposito, A; Machin, G; Pearce, J (2021) Design, construction and traceable calibration of a phosphor-based fibre-optic thermometer from 0 ºC to 650 ºC. Measurement Science and Technology, 32 (9). 094004

Todd, A D W; Anhalt, K; Bloembergen, P; Khlevnoy, B B; Lowe, D H; Machin, G; Sadli, M; Sasajima, N; Saunders, P (2021) On the uncertainties in the realization of the kelvin based on thermodynamic temperatures of high-temperature fixed-point cells. Metrologia, 58 (3). 035007 ISSN 0026-1394

Machin, G; Brown, R J C (2021) What is the difference between resolution, accuracy and uncertainty? Thermology International, 31 (2). pp. 45-46.

Sposito, A; Heaps, E; Sutton, G; Machin, G; Bernard, R; Clarke, S (2021) Phosphor thermometry for nuclear decommissioning and waste storage. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 375. 111091 ISSN 00295493

McEvoy, H C; Lowe, D H; Underwood, R J; de Podesta, M; Machin, G; Martin, Maria-Jose; Mantilla, Jose; Campos Acosta, Joaquin; Sadli, Mohamed; Bourson, Frederic; Briaudeau, Stephan; Salim, Saber Gomaa Rabie; Anhalt, Klaus; Taubert, Dieter R; Waehmer, Martin; Feng, XiaoJuan; Zhang, Jintao; Lu, Xiaofeng; Yoon, Howard W (2021) Methodologies and uncertainty estimates for T – T 90 measurements over the temperature range from 430 K to 1358 K under the auspices of the EMPIR InK2 project. Measurement Science and Technology, 32 (3). 035001 ISSN 0957-0233

Macdonald, A; Petrova, N; Ainarker, S; Allen, J; Lomas, C; Tang, W; Plassmann, P; Whittam, A; Bevans, J; Ring, F; Kluwe, B; Simpson, R; Rogers, L; Machin, G; Edmonds, M (2019) Between visit variability of thermal imaging of feet in people attending podiatric clinics with diabetic neuropathy at high risk of developing foot ulcers. Physiological Measurement, 40 (8). 084004 ISSN 1361-6579

Machin, G; Simpson, R; McEvoy, H C; Whittam, A (2019) NPL contributions to the standardisation and validation of contemporary medical thermometry methods. Physiological Measurement, 40 (5). 05TR01 ISSN 1361-6579

Sutton, G; Greenen, A; Roebuck, B; Machin, G (2019) Imaging phosphor thermometry from T = 20 °C to 450 °C using the time-domain intensity ratio technique. Measurement Science and Technology, 30 (4). 044002 ISSN 0957-0233

Petrova, N L; Donaldson, N K; Tang, W; MacDonald, A; Lomas, C; Ainarkar, S; Plassmann, P; Machin, G; Donaldson, A N A; Edmonds, M E (2019) Does infrared thermography in addition to standard care reduce ulcer recurrence: Data from a multicentre single-blind controlled clinical trial. Diabetic Medicine, 36 (S1). pp. 55-56.

Liew, H; Tang, W; Plassmann, P; Ring, F; Whittam, A; Rogers, L; Simpson, R; Machin, G; Edmonds, M E; Petrova, N L (2019) A temperature rise in the diabetic foot is not always associated with ulceration. Diabetic Medicine, 36 (S1). p. 56.

Tucker, D; Andreu, A; Elliott, C; Ford, T; Neagu, M; Machin, G; Pearce, J (2018) Integrated self-validating thermocouples with a reference temperature up to 1329 °C. Measurement Science and Technology, 29 (10). 105002 ISSN 0957-0233

Machin, G; Engert, J; Gianfrani, L; McEvoy, H; Sparasci, F (2018) The European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research project: Implementing the new kelvin 2 (InK2). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1065. 122002 ISSN 1742-6588

Yoon, H W; Woodward, J T; McEvoy, H; Machin, G (2018) Thermodynamic measurements of Zn and Al freezing temperatures using an InGaAs-based, near-infrared radiation thermometer 3 (NIRT3). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1065. 122023 ISSN 1742-6588

Petrova, N L; Whittam, A; MacDonald, A; Ainarkar, S; Donaldson, A N; Bevans, J; Allen, J; Plassmann, P; Kluwe, B; Ring, F; Rogers, L; Simpson, R; Machin, G; Edmonds, M E (2018) Reliability of a novel thermal imaging system for temperature assessment of healthy feet. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 11 (1). 22 ISSN 1757-1146

Fischer, J; Fellmuth, B; Gaiser, C; Zandt, T; Pitre, L; Sparasci, F; Plimmer, M D; de Podesta, M; Underwood, R; Sutton, G; Machin, G; Gavioso, R M; Madonna Ripa, D; Steur, P P M; Qu, J; Feng, X J; Zhang, J; Moldover, M R; Benz, S P; White, D R; Gianfrani, L; Castrillo, A; Moretti, L; Darquié, B; Moufarej, E; Daussy, C; Briaudeau, S; Kozlova, O; Risegari, L; Segovia, J J; Martín, M C; del Campo, D (2018) The Boltzmann project. Metrologia, 55 (2). pp. R1-R20. ISSN 0026-1394

Machin, G (2018) The kelvin redefined. Measurement Science and Technology, 29 (2). 022001

de Podesta, M; Mark, D F; Dymock, R C; Underwood, R; Bacquart, T; Sutton, G; Davidson, S; Machin, G (2017) Re-estimation of argon isotopes ratios leading to a revised estimate of the Boltzmann constant. Metrologia, 54 (5). pp. 683-692.

Pearce, J V; Edler, F*; Elliott, C J; Rosso, L*; Sutton, G; Andreu, A*; Machin, G (2017) EMPRESS: a European project to enhance process control through improved temperature measurement. Int. J. Thermophysics, 38 (8). p. 118.

Underwood, R; de Podesta, M; Sutton, G; Stanger, L; Rusby, R; Harris, P; Morantz, P; Machin, G (2017) Further estimates of (T - T-90) close to the triple point of water. Int. J. Thermophysics, 38 (3). p. 44.

Dong, W; Lowe, D; Machin, G; Bloembergen, P*; Wang, T*; Lu, X* (2017) Investigation of the furnace effect in cobalt-carbon high temperature fixed point cells. Measurement, 106. pp. 88-94.

Teixeira, R N*; Machin, G (2017) Long-term stability evaluation of a Sn-doped Ni-C eutectic cell suitable for radiation thermometry. Int. J. Thermophysics, 38 (6). p. 80.

Lowe, D H; Todd, A D W*; Van den Bossche, R*; Bloembergen, P*; Anhalt, K*; Ballico, M*; Bourson, F*; Briaudeau, S*; Campos, J*; Cox, M G; del Campo, D*; Dury, M R; Gavrilov, V*; Grigoryeva, I*; Hernanz, M L*; Jahan, F*; Khlevnoy, B*; Khromchenko, V*; Lu, X*; Machin, G; Mantilla, J M*; Martin, M J*; McEvoy, H C; Rougie, B*; Sadli, M*; Salim, S G R*; Sasajima, N*; Taubert, D R*; van der Ham, E*; Wang, T*; Wei, D*; Whittam, A; Wilthan, B*; Woods, D J*; Woodward, J T*; Woolliams, E R; Yamada, Y*; Yamaguchi, Y*; Yoon, H W*; Yuan, Z* (2017) The equilibrium liquidus temperatures of rhenium-carbon, platinum-carbon and cobalt-carbon eutectic alloys. Metrologia, 54 (3). pp. 390-398.

Machin, G; Whittam, A; Ainarkar, S*; Allen, J*; Bevans, J*; Edmonds, M*; Kluwe, B*; Macdonald, A*; Petrova, N*; Plassmann, P*; Ring, F*; Rogers, L*; Simpson, R* (2017) A medical thermal imaging device for the prevention of diabetic foot ulceration. Physiol. Meas., 38 (3). pp. 420-430.

da Silva, R; Pearce, J V; Machin, G (2017) A systematic evaluation of contemporary impurity correction methods in ITS-90 aluminium fixed point cells. Metrologia, 54 (3). pp. 365-380.

Petrova, N L*; Tang, W*; MacDonald, A*; Lomas, C*; Ainarkar, S*; Bevans, J*; Allen, J*; Plassmann, P*; Machin, G; Edmonds, M E* (2017) The use of thermal imaging in the follow-up of healed diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Med., 34. p. 135.

Sadli, M*; Machin, G; Anhalt, K*; Bourson, F*; Briaudeau, S*; del Campo, D*; Diril, A*; Kozlova, O*; Lowe, D H; Amor, J M M*; Martin, M J*; McEvoy, H C; Ojanen-Saloranta, M*; Pehlivan, O*; Rougie, B*; Salim, S G R* (2016) Dissemination of thermodynamic temperature above the freezing point of silver. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 374 (2064). 20150043

Underwood, R; de Podesta, M; Sutton, G; Stanger, L; Rusby, R; Harris, P M; Morantz, P*; Machin, G (2016) Estimates of the difference between thermodynamic temperature and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 in the range 118 K to 303 K. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 374 (2064). 20150048

Machin, G; Anhalt, K*; Battuello, M*; Bourson, F*; Dekker, P*; Diril, A*; Edler, F*; Elliott, C J; Girard, F*; Greenen, A; Knazovicka, L*; Lowe, D; Pavlasek, P*; Pearce, J V; Sadli, M*; Strnad, R*; Seifert, M*; Vuelban, E M* (2016) The European project high temperature measurement solutions in industry (HiTeMS) - a summary of achievements. Measurement, 78. pp. 168-179.

Petrova, N L*; MacDonald, A*; Ainarkar, S*; Plassmann, P*; Ring, F*; Sinpson, R*; Bevans, J*; Allen, J*; Machin, G; Edmonds, M E* (2016) Infrared thermometry reveals no differences of the skin temperature at the plantar, dorsal, medial and lateral sites between the right foot and left foot in healthy volunteers. Diabetic Medicine, 33. p. 53.

Dong, W*; Machin, G; Bloembergen, P*; Lowe, D; Wang, T* (2016) Investigation of ternary and quaternary high-temperature fixed-point cells, based on platinum-carbon-X, as blind comparison artefacts. Meas. Sci. Technol., 27 (11). 115010

Bloembergen, P*; Battuello, M*; Girard, F*; Machin, G; Wright, L (2016) On the correction of the melting curve of the eutectic Co-C for the effect of the thermal inertia of the furnace. Int. J. Thermophysics, 37 (4). p. 44.

Willmott, J R*; Lowe, D; Broughtom, M*; White, B S*; Machin, G (2016) Potential for improved radiation thermometry measurement uncertainty through implementing a primary scale in an industrial laboratory. Meas. Sci. Technol., 27 (9). 094002

Gavioso, R M*; Ripa, D M*; Steur, P P M*; Gaiser, C*; Zandt, T*; Fellmuth, B*; de Podesta, M; Underwood, R; Sutton, G; Pitre, L*; Sparasci, F*; Risegari, L*; Gianfrani, L*; Castrillo, A*; Machin, G (2016) Progress towards the determination of the thermodynamic temperature with ultra-low uncertainty. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 374 (2064). 20150046

de Podesta, M; Harris, P M; Underwood, R; Sutton, G; Mark, D F*; Stuart, F*; Morantz, P*; Machin, G (2016) Response to Macnaughton's"Comment on `A low-uncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant'". Metrologia, 53 (1). pp. 116-122.

Machin, G; Engert, J*; Gavioso, R M*; Sadli, M*; Woolliams, E (2016) Summary of achievements of the European Metrology Research Programme Project 'Implementing the new Kelvin' (InK 1). Measurement, 94. pp. 149-156.

Woolliams, E R; Anhalt, K*; Ballico, M*; Bloembergen, P*; Bourson, F*; Briaudeau, S*; Campos, J*; Cox, M G; de Campo, D*; Dong, W*; Dury, M; Gavrilov, V*; Grigoryeva, I*; Hernanz, M L*; Jahan, F*; Khlevnoy, B*; Khromchenko, V*; Lowe, D H; Lu, X*; Machin, G; Mantilla, J M*; Martin, M J*; McEvoy, H C; Rougie, B*; Sadli, M*; Salim, S G R*; Sasajima, N*; Taubert, D R*; Todd, A D W*; Van den Bossche, R; van der Ham, E*; Wang, T*; Whittam, A; Wilthan, B*; Woods, D J*; Woodward, J T*; Yamada, Y*; Yamaguchi, Y*; Yoon, H W*; Yuan, Z* (2016) Thermodynamic temperature assignment to the point of inflection of the melting curve of high temperature fixed points. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 374 (2064). 20150044

Anhalt, K*; Machin, G (2016) Thermodynamic temperature by primary radiometry. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 374 (2064). 20150041

Machin, G (2016) Towards implementing the new kelvin. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 374 (2064). 20150053

Fellmuth, B*; Fischer, J*; Machin, G; Picard, S*; Steur, P P M*; Tamura, O*; White, D R*; Yoon, H* (2016) The kelvin redefinition and its mise en pratique. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 374 (2064). 20150037

Machin, G; Teixeira, R*; Lu, X*; Lowe, D (2015) Bilateral comparison between NPL and INMETRO using a high temperature fixed point of unknown temperature. Int. J. Thermophysics, 36 (2-3). pp. 327-335.

Lowe, D H B; Broughton, M*; Machin, G; Willmott, J R* (2015) Comparison of extrapolated and interpolated temperature scales from 1000 °C to 2500 °C between a national measurement institute and an ISO17025 accredited calibration laboratory. Measurement, 76. pp. 129-135.

de Podesta, M; Inseok Yang*,; Mark, D F*; Underwood, R; Sutton, G; Machin, G (2015) Correction of NPL-2013 estimate of the Boltzmann constant for argon isotopic composition and thermal conductivity. Metrologia, 52 (5). S353-S363

Lowe, D H B; Machin, G; Sadli, M* (2015) Correction of temperature errors due to the unknown effect of window transmission on ratio pyrometers using an in-situ calibration standard. Measurement, 68. pp. 16-21.

Yamada. Y*,; Anhalt, K*; Battuello, M*; Bloembergen, P*; Khlevnoy, B*; Machin, G; Matveyev, M*; Sadli, M*; Todd, A*; Wang, T* (2015) Evaluation and selection of high-temperature fixed-point cells for thermodynamic temperature assignment. Int. J. Thermophysics, 36 (8). pp. 1834-1847.

Elliott, C J; Greenen, A; Lowe, D; Pearce, J V; Machin, G (2015) High temperature exposure of in-situ thermocouple fixed-point cells: stability with up to three months continuous use. Metrologia, 52 (2). pp. 267-271.

Pavlasek, P*; Elliott, C J; Pearce, J V; Duris, S*; Palencar, R*; Koval, M*; Machin, G (2015) Hysteresis effects and strain-induced homogeneity effects in base metal thermocouples. Int. J. Thermophysics, 36 (2-3). pp. 467-481.

Babourina-Brooks, B*; Simpson, R; Arvanitis, T N*; Machin, G; Peet, A C*; Davies, N P* (2015) MRS thermometry calibration at 3T: effects of protein, ionic concentration and magnetic field strength. MNR in Biomed., 28 (7). pp. 792-800.

Ongrai, O*; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Norranim, U* (2015) Multi-mini-eutectic fixed-point cell for type C thermocouples self-calibration. Int. J. Thermophysics, 36 (2-3). pp. 423-432.

Bloembergen, P*; Battuello, M*; Girard, F*; Machin, G; Wright, L (2015) On the influence of the furnace and cell conditions on the phase transition of the eutectic Co-C. Int. J. Thermophysics, 36 (8). pp. 1859-1887.

Woolliams, E R; Bloembergen, P*; Machin, G (2015) Proposed process for estimating definitive temperatures of high temperature fixed-points. Int. J. Thermophysics, 36 (2-3). pp. 347-366.

Knazovicka, L*; Lowe, D; Machin, G; Davies, H; Rani, A* (2015) Stability of cobalt-carbon high temperature fixed points doped with iron and platinum. Metrologia, 52 (2). pp. 353-359.

Machin, G; Fischer, J*; Moldover, M*; Saunders, J*; Trusler, M*; White, R* (2015) Towards implementing the new kelvin. Measurement, 74. pp. 113-115.

Pearce, J V; Elliott, C J; Greenen, A; del Campo, D*; Martin, M J*; Garcia Izquierdo, C*; Pavlasek, P*; Nemecek, P*; Failleau, G*; Deuze, T*; Sadli, M*; Machin, G (2015) A pan-European investigation of the Pt-40%Rh/Pt-20%Rh (Land-Jewell) thermocouple reference function. Meas. Sci. Technol., 26 (1). 015101

Elliott, C J; Large, M J*; Pearce, J V; Machin, G (2014) Compatability of Materials for use at high temperatures with W-Re thermocouples. Int. J. Thermophysics, 35 (6-7). pp. 1202-1214.

Teixeira, R*; Machin, G; Orlando, A* (2014) Development of high-temperature fixed points of unknown temperature suitable for key comparisons. Int. J. Thermophysics, 35 (3). pp. 467-474.

Machin, G; Engert, J*; Gavioso, R M*; Sadli, M*; Woolliams, E R (2014) The Euramet metrology research programme project implementing the new Kelvin (InK). Int. J. Thermophysics, 35 (3). pp. 405-416.

Machin, G; Bojkovski, J*; del Campo, D*; Dogan, A K*; Fischer, J*; Hermier, Y*; Merlone, A*; Nielsen, J*; Peruzzi, A*; Ranostaj, J*; Strnad, R* (2014) A European roadmap for thermometry. Int. J. Thermophysics, 35 (3). pp. 385-394.

Elliott, C J; Failleau, G*; Deuze, T*; Sadli, M*; Pearce, J V; Machin, G (2014) Long-term monitoring of thermocouple stability with miniature fixed-point cells. Int. J. Thermophysics, 35 (3). pp. 560-573.

Machin, G (2014) Measurement fundamentals: an introduction. Meas. Control, 47 (10). p. 301.

Failleau, G*; Elliott, C J; Deuze, T*; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Sadli, M* (2014) Miniature fixed-point cell approaches for in-situ monitoring of thermocouple stability. Int. J. Thermophysics, 35 (6-7). pp. 1223-1238.

Pearce, J V; Elliott, C J; Lowe, D H; Failleau, G*; Deuze, T*; Bourson, F*; Sadli, M*; Machin, G (2014) Performance of Pt-C, Cr7C3-Cr3C2, and Ru-C fixed points for thermocouple calibrations above 1600 °C. Int. J. Thermophysics, 35 (3). pp. 547-559.

Dury, M R; Arneil, T C*; Machin, G; Goodman, T M (2014) Size-of-source effect sensitivities in radiometers. Int. J. Thermophysics, 35 (6-7). pp. 1391-1400.

Castro, P*; Machin, G; Bloembergen, P*; Lowe, D; Whittam, A* (2014) Thermodynamic temperatures of high-temperature fixed points: uncertainties due to temperature drop and emissivity. Int. J. Thermophysics, 35 (6-7). pp. 1341-1352.

Woolliams, E R; Bloembergen, P*; Machin, G (2013) Assigning thermodynamic temperatures to high-temperature fixed-points. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 323-328.

Dong, W*; Lowe, D H; Lu, X*; Machin, G; Yuan, Z*; Wang, T*; Bloembergen, P*; Xiao, C* (2013) Bilateral ITS-90 comparison at WC-C peritectic fixed point between NIM and NPL. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 786-790.

da Silva, R*; Veltcheva, R I; Gray, J; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Teixeira, R N* (2013) Bilateral comparison of tim fixed point cells between INMETRO and NPL. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 777-781.

Yamada, Y*; Anhalt, K*; Battuello, M*; Bloembergen, P*; Khlevnoy, B*; Machin, G; Matveyev, M*; Sadli, M*; Wang, T* (2013) Construction of high-temperature fixed-point cells for thermodynamic temperature assignment. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 335-339.

Dury, M R; Goodman, T M; Lowe, D H; Machin, G; Woolliams, E R (2013) Development of a new radiometer for the thermodynamic measurement of high temperature fixed points. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 65-70.

Machin, G (2013) Essential measurement. Meas. Control, 46 (3). pp. 90-96.

del CAmpo, D*; Machin, G (2013) A European project on high temperature metrology for industrials applications. Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de ceramica y vidrio, 52 (4). V-VIII

Machin, G; Anhalt, K*; Edler, F*; Pearce, J V; Sadli, M*; Strnad, R*; Vuelban, E M* (2013) HiTeMs: a project to solve high temperature measurement problems in industry. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 958-963.

Vescovo, E*; Levick, A P; Childs, C*; Machin, G; Zhao, S*; Williams, S R* (2013) High-precision calibration of MRS thermometry using validated temperature standards: effects of ionic strength and protein content on the calibration. NMR Biomed., 26 (2). pp. 213-223.

Fischer, J*; Fellmuth, B*; Gaiser, C*; Zandt, T*; Pitre, L*; Briaudeau, S*; Sparasci, F*; Truong, D*; Hermier, Y*; Gavioso, R M*; Guianvarc'h, C*; Albo, P A G*; Merlone, A*; Moro, F*; de Podesta, M; Sutton, G; Underwood, R; Machin, G; del Campo, D*; Segovia Puras, J*; Vega-Meza, D*; Petersen, J*; Hald, J*; Nielsen, L*; Valkiers, S*; Darquie, B*; Borde, C*; Chardonnet, C*; Daussy, C*; Gianfrani, L*; Castrillo, A*; Laporta, P*; Galzerano, G* (2013) The IMERAPlus joint research project for determinations of the Boltzmann constant. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 1-10.

Machin, G; Anhalt, K*; Bloembergen, P*; Sadli, M*; Yamada, Y*; Meyer, C W* (2013) Progress report for the CCT-WG5 high temperature fixed point research plan. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 317-322.

Elliott, C J; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Ford, T*; Hicks, K* (2013) Pt/Pd thermocouple resilience over 327 operating hours in an industrial calibration laboratory. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 549-553.

Ongrai, O*; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Sweeney, S J* (2013) Self-calibration of a W/Re thermocouple using a miniature Ru-C (1954degC) eutectic cell. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 504-509.

Pearce, J V; Elliott, C J; Machin, G; Ongrai, O (2013) Self-validating type C thermocouples to 2300 °C using high temperature fixed points. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 595-600.

Veltcheva, R I; Pearce, J V; da Silva, R*; Machin, G; Rusby, R L (2013) Strategies for minimising the uncertainty of the SPRT self-heating correction. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 433-438.

Castro, P*; Machin, G; Pearce, J V (2013) Thermal modelling comparing high temperature fixed point measurements by contact and non-contact thermometry. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 358-362.

Teixeira, R N*; Machin, G; Orlando, A* (2013) Towards the development of high temperature comparison artifacts for radiation thermometry. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 363-368.

Machin, G (2013) Twelve years of high temperature fixed point research: a review. AIP Conf. Proc., 1552. pp. 305-316.

Hao, X P*; McEvoy, H C; Machin, G; Yuan, Z D*; Wang, T J* (2013) A comparison of the In, Sn, Zn and Al fixed points by radiation thermometry between NIM and NPL and verification of the NPL blackbody reference sources from 156 °C to1000 °C. Meas. Sci. Technol., 24 (7). 075004

de Podesta, M; Underwood, R; Sutton, G; Morantz, P*; Harris, P M; Mark, D F*; Stuart, F M*; Vargha, G*; Machin, G (2013) A low-uncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant. Metrologia, 50 (4). pp. 354-376.

Hastings, M W*; Pearce, J V; Machin, G (2012) Electrical resistance breakdown of Type N mineral-insulated metal-sheathed thermocouples above 800 °C. Meas. Tech., 55 (8). pp. 941-948.

Lowe, D H B; Machin, G (2012) Evaluation of methods for characterizing the melting curves of a high temperature cobalt-carbon fixed-point to define and determine its melting temperature. Metrologia, 49. pp. 189-199.

Elliott, C; Pearce, J V; Failleau, G*; Deuze, T*; Briaudean, S*; Sadli, M*; Machin, G (2012) Fe-C eutectic fixed-point cells for contact thermometry: an investigation and comparison. Metrologia, 49 (1). pp. 88-94.

Machin, G (2012) HiTeMS: A pan-European project to solve high temperature measurement problems in industry. Meas. Control, 45 (10). pp. 315-318.

Veltcheva, R*; Musial, L*; Machin, G; Gray, J (2012) Improvements in the measurement of the immersion profile of water triple points using bushes. Meas. Tech., 55 (4). pp. 442-447.

Pearce, J V; de Podesta, M; Elliott, C J; Machin, G (2012) Improving temperature sensing in nuclear environments. Meas. Control, 45 (2). pp. 60-62.

Machin, G (2012) Innovations in high temperature measurement. Meas. Control, 45 (5). pp. 141-144.

Machin, G (2012) Measuring the temperature of industrial success. AWE Int., 30 (June). pp. 59-63.

Castro, P*; Machin, G; Villamanan, M A*; Lowe, D (2011) Calculation of the temperature drop for high temperature fixed points for different furnace conditions. Int. J. Thermophysics, 32 (7-8). pp. 1773-1785.

Machin, G; Dong, W*; Martin, M J*; Lowe, D; Yuan, Z*; Wang, T*; Lu, X* (2011) Estimation of the degree of equivalence of the ITS-90 above the silver point between NPL, NIM and CEM using high temperature fixed points. Metrologia, 48 (3). pp. 196-200.

Pearce, J V; de Podesta, M; Elliott, C; Machin, G (2011) Improving temperature sensing in new reactors. Nucl. Eng. Int., 56 (688). pp. 18-20.

Battuello, M*; Florio, M*; Machin, G (2011) Investigations at INRIM on a Pd-C cell manufactured by NPL. Metrologia, 48 (5). pp. 241-245.

Machin, G; del Campo, D*; Fellmuth, B*; Fischer, J*; Gavioso, R*; Lusher, C*; Merlone, A*; Mills, I*; Pitre, L*; de Podesta, M (2011) Meeting report: New kelvin dissemination workshop held at NPL on 27-28th Oct 2010. Metrologia, 48 (1). pp. 68-69.

Ongrai, O; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Sweeney, S J* (2011) Miniature Co-C eutectic fixed-point cells for self-validating thermocouples. Meas. Sci. Technol., 22 (1). 015104

Woolliams, E R; Dury, M R; Burnitt, T A; Alexander, P E R; Winkler, R; Hartree, W S; Salim, S G R; Machin, G (2011) Primary radiometry for the Mise-en-Pratique for the definition of the kelvin: the hybrid method. Int. J. Thermophysics, 31 (1-2). pp. 1-11.

Machin, G; Castro, P*; Levick, A P; Villamanan, M A* (2011) Temperature effects of imperfectly formed metal-ingots in high temperature fixed point crucibles. Measurement, 44 (4). pp. 738-742.

Sadli, M*; Bloembergen, P*; Khlevnoy, B*; Wang, T*; Yamada, Y*; Machin, G (2011) An international study of the long-term stability of metal-carbon eutectic cells. Int. J. Thermophysics, 32 (7-8). pp. 1786-1799.

Ongrai, O; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Sweeney, S J (2011) A miniature high-temperature fixed point for self-validating type C thermocouples. Meas. Sci. Technol., 22 (10). 105103

Ongrai, O; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Sweeney, S J* (2010) Comparative study of Pt/Pd and Pt-Rh/Pt thermocouples. Int. J. Thermophysics, 31 (8-9). pp. 1506-1516.

Machin, G; Bloembergen, P*; Anhalt, K*; Hartmann, J*; Sadli, M*; Saunders, P*; Woolliams, E R; Yamada, Y*; Yoon, H* (2010) Practical implementation of the mise-en-pratique for the definition of the kelvin above the silver point. Int. J. Thermophysics, 31 (8-9). pp. 1779-1788.

Childs, C*; Wieloch, T*; Lecky, F*; Machin, G; Harris, G*; Stocchetti, N (2010) Report of a consensus meeting on human brain temperature after severe traumatic brain injury: its measurement and management during pyrexia. Frontiers in Neurotrauma, 1. Article 146

Pearce, J V; Ongrai, O; Machin, G; Sweeney, S J* (2010) Self-validating thermocouples based on high temperature fixed points. Metrologia, 47 (1). pp. L1-L3.

Machin, G; Dong, W*; Martin, M J*; Lowe, D; Yuan, Z*; Wang, T*; Lu, X* (2010) A comparison of the ITS-90 among NPL, NIM and CEM above the silver point using high temperature fixed points. Int. J. Thermophysics, 31 (8-9). pp. 1466-1476.

Ripple, D C*; Davis, R*; Fellmuth, B*; Fischer, J*; Machin, G; Quinn, T*; Steur, P*; Tamura, O*; White, D R* (2010) The roles of the mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin. Int. J. Thermophysics, 31 (8-9). pp. 1795-1808.

Machin, G; Childs, C* (2010) A systematic performance evaluation of brain and body temperature sensors using ultra-stable temperature references. J. Med. Eng. Technol., 34 (3). pp. 192-199.

Smith, E*; Machin, G; Gray, J; Veltchera, R (2010) The use of thermowell bushes at the triple point of water for improving repeatability. Int. J. Thermophysics, 31 (8-9). pp. 1438-1443.

Machin, G; Simpson, R G; Broussely, M (2009) Calibration and validation of thermal imagers. Quantitative Infrared Thermography, 6 (2). pp. 133-147.

Pearce, J V; Ogura, H*; Izuchi, M*; Machin, G (2009) Evaluation of the Pd-C eutectic fixed point and the Pt/Pd thermocouple. Metrologia, 46 (5). pp. 473-479.

Salim, S G R; Woolliams, E R; Dury, M R; Lowe, D H; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Fox, N P; Sun, T*; Grattan, K T V* (2009) Furnace uniformity effects on Re-C fixed-point melting plateaux. Metrologia, 46 (1). pp. 33-42.

Wang, T*; Lowe, D; Machin, G (2009) Manufacturing of MC eutectics and reproducibility of Pt-C eutectic fixed points using a thermogauge furnace. Int. J. Thermophysics, 30 (1). pp. 59-68.

Zhang, Z*; Machin, G (2009) Overview of radiation thermometry. Exp. Methods Phys. Sci., 42. pp. 1-28.

Childs, C*; Machin, G (2009) Reliability issues in human brain temperature measurement. Critical Care, 13 (4). R106.

Bojkovski, J*; Fischer, J*; Machin, G; Pavese, F*; Peruzzi, A*; Renaot, E*; Tegeler, E* (2009) A roadmap for thermal metrology. Int. J. Thermophysics, 30 (1). pp. 1-8.

Morice, R*; Edler, F*; Pearce, J; Machin, G; Fischer, J*; Filtz, J R* (2008) High-temperature fixed points facilities for improved thermocouple calibrations - EUROMET project 857. Int. J. Thermophysics, 29 (1). pp. 231-240.

Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Ford, T*; Wardle, S* (2008) Long term drift characterisation of noble metal thermocouples using high temperature fixed points. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 29 (5A). pp. 86-89.

Pablo, C*; Bloembergen, P*; Yamada, Y*; Villamanan, M A*; Machin, G (2008) On the uncertainty in the temperature drop across the backwall of high temperature fixed points. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 29 (4A). pp. 253-260.

Pearce, J V; Lowe, D H; Head, D I; Machin, G (2008) Optimising contact thermometry high temperature fixed point cells (>1100 ºC) using finite element analysis. Int. J. Thermophysics, 29 (1). pp. 250-260.

Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Ford, T*; Wardle, S* (2008) Optimising heat treatment of gas turbine blades with a Co-C fixed point for improved in-service thermocouples. Int. J. Thermophysics, 29 (1). pp. 222-230.

Machin, G; Wright, L; Lowe, D; Pearce, J (2008) Optimising the implementation of high temperature fixed-points through the use of thermal modelling. Int. J. Thermophysics, 29 (1). pp. 261-270.

Fischer, J*; Gerasimov, S*; Hill, K D*; Machin, G; Moldover, M R*; Pitre, L*; Steur, P*; Stock, M*; Tamura, O*; Ugur, H*; White, D R*; Yang, I*; Zhang, J* (2008) Preparative Steps towards the new definition of the kelvin in terms of the Boltzmann constant. Int. J. Thermophysics, 28 (6). pp. 1753-1765.

Machin, G (2008) Realising the benefits of improvements in high temperature metrology. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 29 (4A). pp. 10-17.

Sadli, M*; Yamada, Y*; Wang, T*; Yoon, H*; Bloembergen, P*; Machin, G (2008) Stability and robustness tests on Co-C, Pt-C and Re-C cells: the first results. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 29 (5A). pp. 59-64.

Saunders, P*; Fischer, J*; Sadli, M*; Battuello, M*; Park, C W*; Zundong, Y*; Yoon, H*; Li, W*; van der Ham, E*; Sakuma, F*; Yamada, Y*; Ballico, M*; Machin, G; Fox, N P; Hollandt, J*; Matveyev, M*; Bloembergen, P*; Ugar, S* (2008) Uncertainty budgets for calibration of radiation thermometers below the silver point. Int. J. Thermophysics, 29 (3). pp. 1066-1083.

Pearce, J V; Machin, G (2008) A robust Pd-C fixed-point for calibration of thermocouples. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 29 (5A). pp. 224-228.

Woolliams, E R; Machin, G; Lowe, D H; Winkler, R (2006) Metal (carbide)-carbon eutectics for thermometry and radiometry: a review of the first seven years. Metrologia, 43. R11-R25

Anhalt, K*; Hartmann, J*; Lowe, D; Machin, G; Sadli, M*; Yamada, Y* (2006) Thermodynamic temperature determination of Co-C. Pd-C, Pt-C and Ru-C eutectic fixed-point cells. Metrologia, 43 (2). S78-83

Machin, G; Rusby, R L; McEvoy, H C; Simpson, R (2006) Traceability and calibration in temperature measurement: a clinical necessity. J. Med. Eng. Technol., 30 (4). pp. 212-217.

McEvoy, H C; Simpson, R; Machin, G (2004) New blackbody standard for the evaluation and calibration of tympanic ear thermometers at the NPL, UK. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5405 (1). pp. 54-60.

McEvoy, H C; Machin, G; Friedrich, R*; Hartmann, J*; Hollandt, J* (2003) Comparison of the new NPL primary standard Ag fixed-point blackbody source with the primary standard fixed-point of PTB. AIP Conf. Proc., 684 (2). pp. 909-914.

Lowe, D; McEvoy, H C; Machin, G (2003) Design and construction of a new primary standard pyrometer at NPL. AIP Conf. Proc., 684 (2). pp. 553-558.

Machin, G; Beynon, G*; Edler, F*; Fourrez, S*; Hartmann, J*; Lowe, D; Morice, R*; Sadli, M*; Villamanan, M (2003) HIMERT: a pan-european project for the development of metal-carbon eutectics as temperature standards. AIP Conf. Proc., 684 (1). pp. 285-290.

Machin, G; Simpson, R (2003) Tympanic thermometer performance validation by use of a body temperature fixed point blackbody. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5073. pp. 51-7.

Chug, B; McEvoy, H C; Machin, G (2003) Use of an InGaAs radiation thermometer to verify the accuracy of the NPL blackbody reference sources from 156 ºC to 600 ºC. AIP Conf. Proc., 684 (2). pp. 571-576.

Lowe, D; Battuello, M*; Machin, G; Girard, F* (2003) A comparison of size of source effect measurements of radiation thermometers between IMGC and NPL. AIP Conf. Proc., 684 (2). pp. 625-630.

Ricolfi, T*; Battuelle, M*; Girard, F*; Machin, G; McEvoy, H C; Ugur, S*; Diril, A* (2002) Radiation temperature scales between the indium and silver points realized at IMGC, NPL and UME using a fixed-point calibration technique. Meas. Sci. Technol., 13 (12). pp. 2090-3.

Chu, B; Machin, G (1999) A low-temperature blackbody reference source to -40oC. Meas. Sci. Technol., 10 (1). pp. 1-6.

Machin, G; Chu, B (1998) A transportable gallium melting point blackbody for radiation thermometry calibration. Meas. Sci. Technol., 9 (10). pp. 1653-1656.

Machin, G; Rocolfi, T*; Battuello, M*; Negro, G*; Jung, H-J*; Bloembergen, P*; Bosma, R*; Ivarsson, J*; Weckstrom, T* (1996) Comparison of the ITS-90 using a transfer standard infrared radiation thermometer between seven EU national measurement institutes. Metrologia, 33 (3). pp. 197-206.

Sakuma, F*; Sakate, H*; Carol Johnson, B*; Gibson, C*; Machin, G; Rocolfi, T*; Battuello, M*; Fischer, J*; Jung, H-J* (1996) International comparison of temperature scales among five metrological laboratories using a transfer standard radiation thermometer. Metrologia, 33. pp. 241-248.

Machin, G; Johnson, B C*; Gibson, C*; Rusby, R L (1994) Intercomparison of the ITS-90 radiance temperature scales of the National Physical Laboratory (U.K.) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., 99 (6). 731 - 736

Conference or Workshop Item

Pearce, J V; Tucker, D L; Veltcheva, R I; Machin, G (2022) New paradigms in traceable process control thermometry. In: 2022 UKACC 13th International Conference on Control (CONTROL), 20-22 April 2022, Plymouth, UK.

Pearce, J V; Edler, F; Elliott, C J; Rosso, L; Sutton, G; Andreu, A; Machin, G (2017) EMPRESS: a pan-European project to enhance process efficiency through improved temperature measurement. In: EVI-GTI Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation (GTI 2017), 28-30 November 2017, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Machin, G; Pearce, J (2012) Step change improvements in high temperature thermocouple thermomery. In: 2012 UKACC International Conference on Control (CONTROL), 3-5 September 2012, Cardiff, UK.

Failleau, G*; Deuze, T*; Elliott, C J; Pearce, J V; Machin, G; Briaudeau, S*; Sadli, M* (2011) Development of an Fe-C eutectic fixed-point for the calibration and in-situ monitoring of thermocouples. In: 2nd IMEKO TC11 International Symposium Metrological Infrastructure, 15-17 June 2011, Cavtat, Dubrovnik Riviera, Croatia.

Machin, G (2009) Progress in high temperature measurement standards at NPL. In: Metrologia 09 - International Congress of Metrologia 2009, 10 March 2009, Lisbon, Portugal.

Machin, G; Simpson, R G; Broussely, M (2008) Calibration and validation of thermal imagers. In: 9th International Conference on Quantitative Infrared Thermography, 2-5 July 2008, Krakov, Poland.

Simpson, R C; McEvoy, H C; Machin, G; Howell, K*; Naeem, M*; Plassman, P*; Ring, F*; Campbell, P*; Song, C*; Taverner, J*; Ridley, I* (2008) In field-of-view thermal image calibration system for medical thermography applications. In: UNSPECIFIED.

Machin, G (2006) A paradigm change in high temperature metrology. In: XVIII IMEKO World Congress - Metrology for a Sustainable Development, 17-22 September 2006, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Lowe, D; Machin, G (2004) High-temperature fixed-points at the National Physical Laboratory. In: SICE 2004 Annual Conference, 4-6 August 2004, Sapporo, Japan.

Lowe, D; Machin, G (2001) Development of metal carbon eutectic blackbody cavities to 2500 ºC at NPL. In: TEMPMEKO 01, June 2001, Berlin, Germany.

van der Ham, E W M*; Battuello, M*; Bloembergen, P*; Bosma, R*; Clausen, S*; Enouf, O*; Filipe, E*; Fischer, J*; Gutschwager, B*; Hirvonen, T*; Machin, G (2001) Intercomparison of local temperature scales with transfer standard radiation thermometers between -50 ºC and 800 ºC. In: TEMPMEKO 01, June 2001, Berlin, Germany.

Sadli, M*; Machin, G; Lowe, D; Hartmann, J*; Morice, R* (2001) Realisation and comparison of metal-carbon eutectic points for radiation thermometry applications and W-Re thermocouple calibration. In: TEMPMEKO 01, June 2001, Berlin, Germany.

Machin, G; Sergienko, R* (2001) A comparative study of size of source effect (SSE) determination techniques. In: TEMPMEKO 01, June 2001, Berlin, Germany.

Machin, G; Yamada, Y*; Lowe, D; Sasajima, N*; Sakuma, F*; Fan Kai* (2001) A comparison of metal-carbon eutective blackbody cavities of rhenium, iridium, platinum and palladium between NPL and NMIJ. In: TEMPMEKO 01, June 2001, Berlin, Germany.

Battuello, M*; Chimenti, V*; Machin, G; McEvoy, H C; Perez, J*; Ricolfi, T*; Sergienko, R* (2001) A comparison of the primary standard zinc point blackbody cavities of NPL and CEM with IMGC. In: TEMPMEKO 01, June 2001, Berlin, Germany.

Bloembergen, P*; van der Ham, E W M*; Machin, G; Schrama, C* (2001) A study on the instrument-oriented characterisation of low temperature radiation thermometers. In: TEMPMEKO 01, June 2001, Berlin, Germany.

Sakuma, F*; Sakate, H*; Johnson, B C*; Gibson, C*; Machin, G; Ricolfi, T*; Battuello, M*; Fischer, J* (1997) International intercomparisons using round-robin radiation thermometers organised bu NRIM in the last four years. In: Proc. 6th International Conference of Temperature and Thermal Measurements (TEMPBEIJING 97), 1997, Beijing, China.

Chu, B; Machin, G (1996) Recent developments in low temperature non-contact thermometry at the NPL. In: TEMPMEKO 96, 6th International symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science, 10 - 12 September 1996, Torino, Italy.

Chu, B; Machin, G (1996) An evaluation of infrared thermometers by the intercomparison of standard blackbody sources. In: TEMPMEKO 96, 6th International symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science, 10 - 12 September 1996, Torino, Italy.

McEvoy, H C; Machin, G; Fox, N P; Theocharous, E; Hassan, I S* (1996) An ingaas radiation thermometer for temperature scale realisation. In: TEMPMEKO 96, 6th International symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science, 10 - 12 September 1996, Torino, Italy.

Machin, G; McEvoy, H C; Boyes, S J (1996) A realisation of the palladium point at the NPL. In: TEMPMEKO 96, 6th International symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science, 10 - 12 September 1996, Torino, Italy.

Book Chapter/Section

Machin, G; Tsai, B K* (2009) Temperature fundamentals. In: Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 42 Radiometric temperature measurement. Elsevier, pp. 29-71. ISBN 9780123740212