Rajagopal, S; Baesso, R; Miloro, P; Harris, P; Cox, B (2025) Measurement-based simulation of temperature rise from focused and linear ultrasound fields and its validation with experiments. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 158 (4). pp. 2869-2882. ISSN 1520-8524

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Abstract

Accurate quantification of acoustic fields produced by biomedical ultrasound devices is essential for assessing thermal and mechanical bioeffects on the patient. Device characterization involves time-consuming measurements, which need to be performed under many operating conditions for complete risk evaluation. Also, there are difficulties in measuring high-intensity therapeutic fields, which can damage the measuring devices. In this study, measurement-based simulations of temperature rise induced by ultrasound absorption in a tissue mimicking material (TMM) under linear propagation conditions were undertaken. The objective was to demonstrate a methodology for quantifying the accuracy of measurement-based simulations (a case study) along with an assessment of the uncertainties associated with both experimental and simulation setups. The acoustic and thermal modelling was performed using a pseudospectral time-domain solver, k-Wave. (Note that the methodology is not specific to this solver.) Ultrasound heating was conducted in the TMM with source acoustic power levels ranging from 1.1 to 4.3 W for durations of 2 to 4 min. The peak temperature rises recorded at the acoustic focus from the embedded fine wire thermocouples ranged from 4.4 (0.6) to 16.4 (1.3) °C. The difference in simulated temperature rises across all heating conditions with respect to measurements ranged from –1.9% to 6.7%.

Item Type:	Article
Keywords:	Ultrasound, Medical ultrasonography, Acoustic simulations, Hydrophone, Acoustic modeling, simulation and analysis, Speed of sound, Acoustic field, Thermal analysis, Thermocouples, Therapeutics
Subjects:	Acoustics > Ultrasound
Divisions:	Medical, Marine & Nuclear
Identification number/DOI:	10.1121/10.0039535
Last Modified:	11 Sep 2026 09:55
URI:	https://eprintspublications.npl.co.uk/id/eprint/10512